Keyword: Global Health

ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most pressing global public health threats, compromising the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapies and increasing the burden of infectious diseases worldwide. Although AMR affects all populations, its impacts are disproportionately concentrated in resource-limited settings where poverty, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, poor sanitation, and limited access to quality medicines increase vulnerability to resistant infections. This narrative review examines the relationship between AMR and health equity, highlighting how social and structural determinants shape exposure, susceptibility, and health outcomes among disadvantaged populations. Literature published between 2015 and 2026 was identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and synthesized using a thematic narrative approach. The review identifies poverty, inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, low health literacy, weak healthcare systems, limited diagnostic capacity, workforce shortages, and insufficient surveillance systems as major contributors to AMR vulnerability. Women, children, rural populations, refugees, migrants, and displaced communities experience disproportionate burdens due to overlapping social and healthcare disadvantages. A One Health perspective further demonstrates how human, animal, and environmental factors interact to accelerate resistance transmission. Addressing AMR requires equity-centered strategies that strengthen primary healthcare, improve access to diagnostics and treatment, enhance surveillance systems, expand water and sanitation infrastructure, and promote community engagement. AMR is not merely a biological phenomenon but a manifestation of broader social and structural inequities requiring integrated and sustainable public health responses.

ABSTRACT: Parasitic diseases continue to represent a significant public health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, where they disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries. Despite significant advancements in global collaborations, diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, and leishmaniasis continue to present substantial challenges. This study evaluates the role of international collaborations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Fund, alongside bilateral and multilateral initiatives, including the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) in managing, preventing, and eliminating parasitic diseases, highlighting the successes, challenges, and potential areas for improvement within these partnerships. Critical challenges to effective collaborations, such as political instability, economic disparities, cultural barriers, and resource inequities were identified. Additionally discussed are the necessity of developing local skills, promoting innovative financing methods for projects, and ensuring their sustainability. Moreover, the necessity of a unified global health governance framework and sustained commitments to ensure that multinational collaborations yield enduring impacts were emphasized. However, policy recommendations such as prioritizing equity, and addressing the root causes of parasite infections aimed at enhancing international cooperation should be embraced in order to achieve sustainable health improvements. The findings suggest that ongoing global cooperation, combined with improvements in technology, funding, and resource allocation, is crucial for the total elimination of parasitic diseases and the advancement of health equity worldwide.